linguistic inequality in pakistan

She is also a research assistant at the Violence Research Centre, facilitator of Learning Together at HMP Grendon, and senior research coordinator at the Legal Aid Office in Karachi. Even within a province inequality can be glaring. Haya is also member of the Board of the Legal Aid Society and Program Director at the Legal Aid Society and the Legal Aid Office, Committee for the Welfare of Prisoners. Accordingly, we are guided by the UNDP Gender Equality Strategy 2014–2017, advancing the empowerment of women as we support countries in their efforts to eradicate poverty and reduce inequality. And in the place of equality for women, violence became the 'rule of the land'. The most prestigious educated person is considered one who speaks English well. On the other hand, this “one language-one religion-one nation” policy establishes the hegemony of a single language and consequently of an alien culture since language is the most effective driver of culture. Muslim‟s religious book Quran is in Arabic language. Within the justice system, there remains an overall tolerance of violations of religious freedoms and an inadequate approach towards protecting targets of such violence or effective prosecution of its perpetrators, including both State and non-State actors. In addition to these policies, extensive research is needed for the standardization of the orthographies of these languages. This article reflects on the findings of a new report by The Legal Aid Society. These issues should be dealt with effectively through practical and implementable initiatives. Income Inequality in Pakistan: An Analysis of Existing Evidence (Economic GROWTH, INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND EMPLOYMENT Generation) (Report) Pakistan Development Review 1984, … As the data shows, minority communities’ concerns are complex and reflect the deep discrimination they face in society. There are almost 5000 languages in the world and most of them have apparent sexist predispositions. Today almost all the comic text messages are related to Pathans and Sikhs. New Oxford vs Cambridge Moot Court Case Competition on Disability Law, U of OxHRH J Call for Submissions-Taking Stock: Ten Years of the Equality Act 2010. Menaal Munshey and Haya Emaan Zahid, “Inequality and Discrimination faced by Religious Minorities in Pakistan” (OxHRH, 31 January 2017) [Date of Access]. Constitutional safeguards and legal precedents alone will not be enough to alleviate the suffering of minorities in Pakistan. A standardization in the orthographies with more commonalities not only will make their job easier but also integrate the speakers and enhance their political and social powers. Pashto, for instance, with its multiple varieties in Pakistan and in Afghanistan, contains different symbols which make it difficult for the reader to articulate. Can trans children consent to puberty blocking drugs? During General Zia ul Haq’s dictatorial regime, a series of policies were adopted that have negatively impacted religious minorities. Many hindrances in reading and writing a language rest in the orthography or its writing system. Similarly, the community researchers in the “minority languages” who do some excellent jobs of diglossic importance need to sit together when creating orthographies for their languages. Many Pakistani scholars focus on the lack of productivity and low literacy levels of the domestic workforce to explain poverty in Pakistan. A defining feature of Pakistan’s economy and society is the inequality of income and productive assets. This can be done through civil society efforts, public awareness drives, capacity building, the provision of legal aid, and the incorporation of these findings in donor and government strategies. I will attend the Women Education Center when Urdu starts there,” an illiterate Torwali woman told this scribe when asked to attend the women literacy centers established in the community by Idara Baraye Taleem-o-Taraqi (IBT) with the financial support of USAID. The language activists in these communities may know that they, more or less, share the same ancestor and same culture. Zubair Torwali is a researcher, linguist, and human rights activist. St Cross Road, He speaks Punjabi,” said the principal of a private school in Lahore. Report reveals women in Pakistan are simultaneously deprived in child marriages, education, healthcare and employment. In this paper, Amory Gethin, Sultan Mehmood and Thomas Piketty study political cleavages in Pakistan. Globally and in Pakistan, we integrate the experiences … We finally conclude this paper by focusing on the representation of religious minorities and the role Born and raised in Bahrain Swat, Pakistan, he heads the Institute for Education and Development, a civil society organization working for the conservation of cultural, lingual and natural heritage among the linguistic communities in north Pakistan. Studies of language-based inequality have hitherto largely focused on the case of linguistic minorities, while far less attention has been paid to the developmental stakes of a more equitable terrain for widely-spoken languages in education, training and access to livelihoods. Inequality in both urban and rural areas also increased in Pakistan during the 1990s, which enhanced the negative impact on poverty. They have started to demand more rights. When a particular language is given an advantage over others speakers of the less developed languages tend to look down on their own languages and cultures and regard them as the barriers in their “development.”. Menaal Munshey is a PhD candidate in criminology at the University of Cambridge. This accelerates the “language and culture shift” within society and ends with more chaos and an unending identity crisis. As of 2006, only 50% of the population was literate and government spending on education was still only half of the average of many other developing countries (2% versus 3-4%).However 3-4 years later, improvements led literacy levels to climb up to 60% of the population. Your email address will not be published. http://co.lao.org.pk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Prioritizing-Needs-September-15-2016.pdf. The Pashto speakers, who cannot pronounce certain words of Urdu in a correct way, are always laughed at in media. But the reality is that despite an ostrich strategy, events like the separation of former East Pakistan and national wounds related to that are haunting us and will definitely do so for an indefinite future unless we craft policies ensuring the share of this diversity. Enforcing a single language through educational and security policies to achieve an imagined national cohesion is like a Trojan Horse which strikes down the very objectives for which it was intended. The 18th Amendment to the Constitution in 2010 is a right step towards this goal. ✅ Smart and meaningful stories ✅ Insightful analysis ✅ Exclusive interviews with thought leaders, Unique commentary straight from the people who live it. “Out, out. This includes a discriminatory educational curriculum and an underlying radicalisation of thought which adopted an “us vs. them” narrative. In 2013, there were 39 blasphemy cases registered against 359 people, and over 40 people are on death row for blasphemy. Varieties are no threat to a language, rather it enriches it. Shandana Khan Mohmand is a Research Fellow at the Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, and an Associate Fellow at the Institute of Development and Economic Alternatives in Pakistan. UN Women report shows worrying degree of gender inequality in Pakistan. These grievances indicate the growing disenfranchisement of minority communities in Pakistan who suffer from class-based issues, which are further exacerbated by rampant institutional and individual discrimination on the basis of their religion. working with individuals and groups of people who are in conflict with the law; primarily those incarcerated as under trial prisoners. Oxford OX1 3UL, © 2020 Oxford Human Rights Hub | Site by One, Menaal Munshey and Haya Zahid - Essay On Gender Inequality In Pakistan 949 Words | 4 Pages. Urdu 65% Sindhi 15.5% English 10.4% Other languages 9.5% Thus, in Pakistan, linguistic (and social) inequality is mediated through kinds of educational institutions with distinct educational practices related to medium of instruction and tracking of students into the local exam boards or University of Cambridge curricula and examination systems (Mansoor, 2005; Rahman, 1999). Read the full report here: http://co.lao.org.pk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Prioritizing-Needs-September-15-2016.pdf. Pakistan’s president has issued a new law to fight sexual assault, following months of protests over two men raping a women along a deserted highway near Lahore. It relates to the linguistic items that a person knows. The resultant inequality of opportunity is an as yet unrecognised form of injustice. From Paralysis to Action: A Peace Plan for Palestinians and Israelis to Consider. In Pakistan, only about 1 percent of the population is registered in the tax system and the government collects just 9 percent of the country’s wealth in taxes which is the lowest in the world. See also Marrakesh Declaration 2016 on the same subject. Oxford Human Rights Hub A myriad of challenges including political instability, gender disparity, growing inequality, and disastrous effects of climate change face the country today. Yuri Block F 6/12/15 Challenges Pakistani Women Face due to Gender Inequality Many fail to realize, due to long held beliefs and social norms, that gender equality is beneficial to both men and women. Looking superficially at the above observations one tends to assume that the “speakers of the concerned languages” do not want their languages to be used in education or in media. Read other articles by Zubair. Ultimately, the report shows that the odds are clearly stacked, in a wide range of ways, along gender, ethnic, linguistic, class and sexual orientation lines – to name but a few. SHARNOFF'S GLOBAL VIEWS® is a registered trademark of THE SHARNOFF GROUP, LLC. This is the same axis along which UNDP Pakistan’s National Human Development Report on Inequality, authored by leading economist Dr. Hafiz Pasha, is based. Pakistan’s gradual decadence of cultural and linguistic diversity is overshadowed by terrorism, poor governance, and dirty politics. St Cross Building, Read More. To do so, they make use of a unique set of polls covering all … Religious minorities are largely implicated in these cases and are victims of vigilante violence. To reverse this trend, a concerted effort is needed across government, judiciary, and civil society. inequality, even degrading to severe form of violence, which is rampant in Pakistan. During our interviews with professional people, different types of themes emerged. Pakistan is one of the worst countries to live in as a member of a religious minority group, due to the lack of human rights protection accorded to minority communities. She has over six years of experience 31st January 2017, As the data shows, minority communities' concerns are complex and reflect the deep discrimination they face in society. As a recent report highlights, religious minority groups feel the effects of this legal and political marginalisation and disenfranchisement in their daily lives. What you Need to Know About Pakistan’s Linguistic Diversity, Zubair Torwali, Researcher, Linguist and Human Rights Activist, Why Shimon Peres Would Have Rejected Trump’s ‘Deal of the Century’. But one shouldn’t jump to conclusions. Zubair was recently awarded the Prof. Anita Ghulam Ali Award of Teachers and Education in Emergencies. Poverty in Pakistan has historically been higher in rural than urban areas. Is It Time For The Arab Gulf States To Support Alternative Palestinian Parties? In this study we have considered all those as illiterates whose years of … Haya Emaan Zahid is a barrister-at-law, who read law at the University College London, United Kingdom. Previously, she was a researcher with the United Nations University Centre for Policy Research in Tokyo where she conducted research on terrorism, organised crime, and peacekeeping. After collecting and analysing 629 qualitative interviews from the districts of Sukkur, Larkana and Ghotki in Sindh, the following findings are highlighted: As the above findings highlight, participants mostly cited the issues of acquiring national identity cards, access to reliable electricity, unemployment, crimes, and access to educational opportunities. Pakistan is one of the worst countries to live in as a member of a religious minority group, due to the lack of human rights protection accorded to minority communities. For example, Punjab may be among the most developed province but persistent disparity abounds in southern Punjab (e.g. The asymmetry of the linguistic setting inside Afghanistan is strengthened by intensified processes of language contact with the unequal language partners of Persian in Iran and Pashto in Pakistan. The above “linguistic attitudes” towards the languages by the native speakers are the direct outcomes of the policies the state has held dear for decades. This results in the perpetuation of a climate of impunity. More than 65 different languages are spoken in Pakistan. Inequality also increased in Pakistan during the 1990s, in both urban and rural areas, Pashto needs a central standard form similar to that of English as BBC English. These themes are Income Level, Geographical Inequality, Gender Inequality, System of Education, Feudalism, Role of Government, etc. Pakistan’s poor ranking presents a bleak portrait of the state of modest progress made on female empowerment and gender equality. Her research and writings explore the fields of political participation, inequality, and the political economy of public policy and service delivery. INCOME INEQUALITIES IN PAKISTAN AND A STRATEGY TO REDUCE INCOME INEQUALITIES by A. R. Kemal I. What is Linguistic Inequality? Should All Male Prisoners be Required to Have Their Hair Cut? Certain legislation and constitutional amendments further deprived religious minorities of human rights, justice, political equality and economic opportunities. The Faculty of Law, University of Oxford, These statistics therefore show that religious minorities’ grievances are largely economic in nature, and are rooted in issues of equality and equal citizenship. According to research conducted at Harvard School of Public Heath, the inequality between males and females has led to an alarming discrepancy: in Pakistan, 65% of Punjabi urban males had completed primary school, but only 10% of rural Balochi and Pathan females completed primary school. Pakistan’s blasphemy laws present possibly the most violent example of this: Since 1990, more than 62 people have been killed by blasphemy related vigilante violence. Pakistan has literacy rate 58percent in 2012, (Only 22 percent of girls, compared to 47 percent boys, complete primary schooling (Economic Survey of Pakistan 2012).This is included people who can write and … Despite its evolution and progression one aspect of language seems to be constant, that is, its role in stimulating gender inequality. explains that how we can reduce the income inequality in Pakistan. Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the world, with sixty percent of its population under the age of thirty. Both English and Urdu are regarded as the languages of development; in a way they are made so. This ‘language sexism’ is biased in the favor of one gender and treat the other discriminately. Pakistan has an estimated population of 195.4 million in 2016, however, the population was 191.71 million in 2015. Next, the one who speaks Urdu well. Just How Similar are Pashtun and Jewish People? UN Women report shows worrying degree of gender inequality in Pakistan “Evaluating health and education of women as well as economic opportunities, Pakistan is … Linguistic Inequality It is typically a different concept than which runs through the whole chapter as general idea of the linguistic inequality. In Pakistan, … Forced conversions and desecration of places of worship form a minority of complaints from the selected sample. For example, there is a constitutional ban on a non-Muslim being president of the country (as per Article 41(2) of Pakistan’s Constitution) and a lack of laws providing structure and support to religious minority communities. Definition of Linguistic Inequality: Refers to the inability to manipulate a particular variety of a language within a particular context, either through lack of exposure or through some form of disadvantage. Pakistan’s cultural and linguistic diversity has never been a favorite subject in the channels of national discourse either in media, education or academia. Her children were also in … More about Essay On Gender Inequality In Pakistan. It may or may not interest you, a group of North American Muslim scholars (yaqeen institute) are working on a document for the protection of minorities in places like Pakistan. The linguistic items one knows show the experience of the person. Between provinces, Sindh is the most deprived. Although agriculture is the main activity in rural society, a significant percentage of the rural labor force, estimated at more than 40%, depends completely on nonfarm activities. I mention these as these scholars want to take on the extremists who persecute religious minorities, Your email address will not be published. The High Court of England and Wales doubts it. Features of Indian multilingualism are discussed to show that, despite several positive forces favoring maintenance of minority languages, languages are subjected to inequality and discrimination. The principal drove away a student whose father, a lover of his language, brought him to the school. Poverty rose more sharply in the rural areas in the 1990s, and in FY1999 the incidence of rural poverty (36.3 percent) was significantly higher than urban poverty (22.6 percent). For example, in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Gilgit-Baltistan all the languages other than Hindko and Burushaski are Dardic of the Indo-Aryan branch of languages. What Everybody Should Know About the Pashtunwali and Torah, Little Known Ways Afghans and Jews are Similar, The Land of the Unsettling Sun: Japan's Revisionist Slide under Abe. explore the impact of educational inequality in Pakistan on economic 1 As per Government of Pakistan (2008) literacy is defined as “Ability to read and write simple statements in any language and to be able to do simple calculations”. A primary tool used for reestablishing this ‘inferior’ social identity was the law. To cope with the hegemony of a single language educational policies need revision. Instead of being proud of the beautiful linguistic diversity, Pakistani policy and decision makers have always been afraid of it. Ghosh not only presents the reader with a political vision that questions the ethno-linguistic and cultural divides created by the fiery resurgence of nationalist ideologies but also interweaves that vision with the human story. Hopefully, such initiatives for the remaining languages in the province will also be undertaken. The prevalence of customary laws became more visible as Islam travelled far and wide. Recent years have seen an intensification of violent persecution of religious minorities. Most of the sounds are identical in these languages but so far the community researchers haven’t realized this and have written the same sounds with different letters. Using Different Native Languages in the Classroom: Mostly the Pakistani students faced this kind of … This is the result of a particular kind of education we have experienced in Pakistan. Required fields are marked *. Therefore, the true essence of the religion has been compromised, as is evident in Pakistan. Pakistan’s cultural and linguistic diversity has never been a favorite subject in the channels of national discourse either in media, education or academia. Girls in Pakistan have the right to education. However, as highlighted by a recent report, this does not describe the full extent of the human rights issues faced by minority communities in Pakistan. Recent years have seen an intensification of violent persecution of religious minorities. “Friend, look he (Zubair) drags us back by starting schools in Torwali,” a teacher told his colleague who was discussing the multilingual education initiative by IBT in Bahrain Swat. More and more women in Pakistan are fed up with gender inequality. The center for this standard can either be Peshawar or Kabul. Women in Pakistan make up 48.76% of the population according to the 2017 census of Pakistan. between language, geography and inequality in Pakistan and study in detail the changing structure of ethnolinguistic divides, class cleavages and their intersection in light of our electoral data. Furthermore, it resolved to incorporate four other languages (Hinko, Khowar, Seriaki and Indus Kohistani) to be gradually incorporated in the education at the primary stages. Thank you both, please keep working on this issue. INTRODUCTION The basic objective of economic development is improvements in the living standards of the common man and for that just economic growth would not be sufficient. There is thus a need to address the socio-economic issues that affect the day-to-day life of members of these communities, while not losing sight of the larger issues of forced conversion and blasphemy. And if somebody speaks either English or Urdu in his own accent, he is regarded as less educated. 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