Herein, “label” will connote a designation assignment by qualified school personnel, psychologists, and other diagnostic professionals. When the labeled person is unable to continue to rationalize and deny this criminal label, often as a result of altered interactions with the "audience" who consider the person in question to be criminal, they finally accept this label as a part of themselves. Labeling Theory and the Effects of Sanctioning on Delinquent Peer Association: A New Approach to Sentencing Juveniles . In a study of drunk drivers it was concluded that socioeconomic status, race, sex, and age can indeed influence whether labeling theory has an effect on people. This is the precursor to the social reaction or labeling theory which has present day acceptance and includes many of the same concepts. Boosta Ltd - 10 Kyriakou Matsi, Liliana building, office 203, 1082, Nicosia, Cyprus. Ashley Crossman. The implications of the study results suggest that two things can be done in order to help prevent labeling theory from having negative effects on people whove broken the law. It is therefore important for society to be careful on the labels that they give to individuals because of the effects that are likely to come with this “labels”. This paper is going to look into the components of labeling theory and its effects. Most any theory of criminology focusing on the individual you could care to name, there are dozens with hundreds of variants) claims. The Other Side: Perspectives on Deviance. The other possibility is that a formal ceremony which would cancel the stigma associated with the degradation ceremony could be held. Federal and local funding of special education programs are based on categories of disabilities. 68, No. In this way it is possible to use labeling theory in a more productive manner. New York, NY: The Free Press Becker, H. S. (1964). When leading to secondary deviance, this criminal label is placed on an individual during what is known as a "degradation ceremony" in which the accused is officially labeled as a criminal. By this it is meant that they do not think of themselves as being a criminal, it is this lack of viewing themselves as criminal that differentiates primary from secondary deviance. In part, advanced analytic techniques have become available, which allow for testing the intervening mechanisms between label and later deviancy (Bartusch & Matsueda, 1996; Gatti, Tremblay, & Vitaro, 2009; Matsue… The \"learning disabled\" label can result in the student and educators reducing their expectations and goals for what can be achieved in the classroom. Instead he is interested in why people choose to label their behaviour as deviant and what effect the label has (on the individual and for society). First, is the view that people tend to behave the way they are labelled. The theory may affect the society in many ways. But he and other believers of this theory have been curiously reticent in attempting to further define these factors. It also brings out the linguistic tendency of the majority in society to label those who are perceived to be minority or with behaviors different from the rest, negative labels. So how does this process of defining a person as deviant work? Although this theory may bring about positive influences in society such that others may learn from victims, it makes victims to be more deviant. From this we can conclude that both who the audience is comprised of as well as their reactions affects the level of stigmatization the labeled individual feels, if any. From www.precookedsociology.com What are the effects of labelling theory? Labeling things gets more dangerous, howvever, when you label people based on superficial, quick observances like Black or white, goth, or terrorist. As a result of the belief that personal and societal factors do not contribute to motivations for criminal behavior there has been little study of the criminal him/herself and the aforesaid factors. Labelling theory is also examining the effects of labelling. • Labelling theorists are interested in the role of what Becker calls moral entrepreneurs. Naturally, labelling a child will have a huge impact on their self-esteem. Also the theory claims that for a criminal to be successfully labeled an audience must be present to provide a reaction to the crimes committed. Additional materials, such as the best quotations, synonyms and word definitions to make your writing easier are Labeling and Deviance: A Case Study in "the Sociology of the Interesting". The scope of this theory is proposed to cover all criminal activity of all people regardless of different; nationality, ethnicity, social status, religion, and age (Becker, 1963). First of all if the court atmosphere could be avoided in situations where the crime were minor offenses or misdemeanors its possible that the offender would be able to avoid formal sentencing and the degradation ceremony that goes with it. First of all if the court atmosphere could be avoided in situations where the crime were minor offenses or misdemeanors its possible that the offender would be able to avoid formal sentencing and the degradation ceremony that goes with it. Poor results in the work place have been brought about by discrimination that an individual has received from his colleagues because of the label of a “homosexual” that he had acquired. Students looking for free, top-notch essay and term paper samples on various topics. Don’t waste Your Time Searching For a Sample, Get Your Job Done By a Professional Skilled Writer. Unfortunately, this theory of affect labeling struggles to explain affect labeling's benefits on stimuli that do not apply to the self. It shows that: by labeling an individual for example as insane, that could mark the beginning of the process of him being insane. Because of this stigmatization, the individual may end up loosing the job and could not be able to secure a decent job in any other place. Labeling theory is a theory to understand deviance in the society, this theory is focused more on trying to understand how people react to behavior that happens around them and label it as ‘deviant’ or ‘nondeviant’. References Becker, H. S. (1963). We've changed a part of the website. Labeling theory attributes its origins to French sociologist Émile Durkheim and his 1897 book, Suicide. It is, after all, the studyof the nature, control, management, and prevention of crime. (984), 4.9 References:Becker, H. S. (1963). Updated February 03, 2020. What really matters is which outlaws are arrested and processed by the criminal justice system (Becker, 1963). The results of these studies are somewhat mixed in that some provide weak validation for this theory given certain circumstances, the strongest of which being the study of delinquent behavior in children by Foster, Dinitz, and Reckless who had experienced primary deviance and stigmatization to a small degree (Foster & Dinitz & Reckless, 1972). Secondary deviance, according to Lemert, occurs when a person finally accepts the deviant or criminal label into their self image. Do they become criminals or try to "rationalize" as stated by Foster, Dinitz, and Reckless (Foster & Dinitz & Reckless, 1972)? He was the first to suggest that deviant labeling satisfies that function and satisfies society's need to control the behavior. Labeling Theory and Personal Construct Theory: Toward the Measurement of Individual Variation. These are people who lead a moral ‘crusade’ to change the law in the belief that it will benefit those to whom it is applied.• The new law however has two effects:1. In a later work Lemert finally conceded that "primary deviation, is polygenetic, arising out of a variety of social, cultural, psychological, and physiological factors" (Broadhead, 1974). The Effects of Labeling Students Upon Teachers' Expectations and Intentions The first is not the initial act of committing a crime, but an "audience" learning of the crime being committed. Durkheim found that crime is not so much a violation of a penal code as it is an act that outrages society. 4, 447-458.Lemert, E. M. (1951). This theory has merit in that there is the potential for it to be incorporated into a larger, more inclusive, theory of criminology. Labelling may seem to be a trivial matter, but its effects are not trivial at all. Sometimes the persons criminal master status may compel them to conform more closely to societys norms in an attempt to show others that the person may have made mistakes in life, but such mistakes will not happen again. It may lead to increased crime rate among individuals and society. All rights reserved. As it has already been explained, if the audience doesnt know of the crime then this is as far as the process goes. From a logical standpoint there are flaws within the main points of labeling theory. The one aspect of this theory that could be regarded positively is that it is very parsimonious. In addition to lower expectations, the student may develop low self-esteem and experience issues with peers.Low Self-EsteemLabeling students can create a sense of learned helplessness. This is a theory that Becker created in 1963. Devia… Victims of this theory can also become victims of self fulfilled prophesy. Labeling Theory Labeling theory looks at the influence that the society has on the development of a certain behavior by an individual because of the society’s perception of him/her. In effect, all that can be studied is the result of this process, mainly focusing on whether career criminals see themselves in the light defined by secondary deviance and what the initial reaction society displays is, as well as how it affects those labeled deviant or criminal. Critics tended to dismiss the early work on labeling theory as unscientific. 19, No. Currently the Social Reaction Theory proposes that when a person commits a crime; they will receive the label of "criminal". This could be because of lack of support from the individuals around the victims making life more unbearable for them pushing them further into crime. Tannenbaum was among the early labeling theorists. These relationships were not spurious products of preexisting serious symptoms, refuting a psychiatric explanation. The findings reinforces the concept that labelling theory has lasting effects on individuals and that it encourages a shift in identity and it initiates new criminal categories/ groups forming(Lopes and Krohn et al., 2012, pp. Perhaps a court declaration or letter that the offender is hereby rehabilitated could be used after the offender has served his/her punishment (Broadhead, 1974). Presumably these study results reflected actual behavioral differences that were reacted to differently by others (Marshall & Purdy, 1972). Erwin Lemert is credited with being the founder of what is called the "Societal Reaction" theory. But it is believed that in most cases where the master status is that of a criminal, secondary deviance will be completed rather than resisted. Thoughcriminology is not a formal part of the police officer exam, it nonetheless isa subject that every aspiring officer should study. It is easy to understand and can be quickly explained, breaking down all criminal behavior into primary and secondary deviance with a few simple statements for each. Social Problems, Vol. In a study of a sample of 196 boys who had engaged in delinquent activities brought before a court of law, it was found that the majority of the subjects peers and parents exhibited little change in how they viewed and treated the delinquents (Foster & Dinitz & Reckless, 1972). Rather than taking the definition of crime for granted, labelling theorists are interested in how certain acts come to be defined or labelled as criminal in the first place. An identity change will take place in which the person now accepts the label of criminal. Initially the theory states that no acts are inherently criminal (Wellford, 1975). This theory is most commonly associated with the sociology of crime since labeling someone unlawfully deviant can lead to poor conduct. Labelling people causes them to lose motivation and self-esteem as it closes the mind of the person who sticks the label. The social reactions theory is undoubtedly flawed in many ways, but it does provide some insight into how both formal and social audiences can have a negative effect on the criminal and increase the likelihood of repeat offenses. Labeling theory is situated within the symbolic interactionist framework which suggests that one‟s identity and self-concept are continually defined by interactions with others, and thus only exist based on social interaction (Akers & Sellers). Throughoutyour future career, you will no doubt come across many different criminologicaltheories. Despite the popularity of labeling theory, very few studies have been explicitly (or implicitly) designed to test the effects of criminal labels on employment. For example the relatives of a person become withdrawn and distance themselves from that person when they find out he/she has committed a crime, regardless of whether or not he/she faces formal charges (Wellford, 1975). Being a homosexual may not have an effect on an individual’s professional life, but if his colleagues become aware of that fact, it may be difficult for the said person to comfortably work therefore his work will also suffer as a result. The Danger of Labeling Others (or Yourself) A new study shows the surprising power of our core attitudes. Howard Becker is hailed as the founder of modern labeling theory. The Social Reaction, or Labeling Theory as it is sometimes known, has developed over time from as early as 1938 (Wellford, 1975). Becker points out that people react differently to the same act depending on the social context and this influences the label that is placed on the act. New York: The Free PressBroadhead, R. S. (1974). An example is a homosexual individual. This will leave him with no other option other than involving in crime for survival, something which he could not have gotten himself in were it not for stigmatization and labels that were directed to him/her (Becker, 1963). Help. Such an identity change could be signaled by a person losing contact with their former conformist friends and beginning to associate with other criminal labeled deviants (Becker, 1963). New York, NY: The Free Press, Labeling theory and its effects to the society. Labeling theory is a theory that tries to explain the effects of “labeling” by the society on an individual. These theories attempt to explain why crime happens in the way thatit does and – from that – what can be done t… He/She then thinks or him/herself as a criminal or deviant. By continuing we’ll assume you’re on board with our cookie policy. Self Fulling Prophecy Theory argues that predictions made by teachers about the future success or failure of a student will tend to come true because that prediction has been made. Labeling theory, a sociological model, ... purpose of this study is a synthesis of research related to the effects of the label. The advantages of labeling can be summarized as follows: 1. Outsiders: labeling theory. Other offenders may be lucky to go without being noticed by people and you cannot say that just because they were able to escape unseen, they are clean and cannot qualify to be deviant or those who have been labeled are all the same. Your Answer is very helpful for Us Thank you a lot! We use cookies to give you the best experience possible. By. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-), Vol. As a result these factors, which could be considered confounders, greatly hinder any attempt at the operationalization of this theory. He claims that many laws are established for such purposes, and that behavior that is defined as criminal is dynamic and changes throughout time. Primary deviance begins with an initial criminal act, after which a person may be labeled as deviant or criminal but does not yet accept this label. This is in specific reference to the personal and societal factors an individual exhibits which may contribute to the likelihood of committing crimes mentioned earlier (Wellford, 1975). It would be presumptuous to say that this theory is not testable as several studies have been performed in attempts to see how greatly labeling theory affects different portions of the populace. 17, No. Labelling theory is a result of the work of Howard Becker. Labeling Theory and Criminology: An Assessment. To support the opening sentence, perhaps note WHY the theory is parsimonius. 2, 202-209.Hagan, J. Labeling theory - Labeling theory - Link’s modified labeling theory: In 1989 Link’s modified labeling theory expanded the original framework of labeling theory to include a five-stage process of labeling as it pertained to mental illness. Nathaniel Ascani . The labeling theory of juvenile delinquency deals with the effects of labels, or stigmas, on juvenile behavior. Does this mean that if a murder is committed where the killer has successfully avoided anyones suspicion that the act is then not criminal and the killer will not think of him/herself as such? For instance, the regulatory effects of labeling external stimuli, such as faces or aversive images presented during an experiment, are unlikely to be explained by a self-reflective process. There are several core variables, each of which is flawed, to be considered. An example of this would be the study by Dentler and Erickson, who concluded that " groups, and society at large will frequently try to accommodate, normalize, and in general resist making an overt reaction to people exhibiting deviant behavior" (Broadhead, 1974). Historical Background of Victimology and Criminal Justice, Ask Writer For In a study of the societal reaction approach as it relates to mental illness, Dr. Walter Grove saw that there were certain qualities people may have which make them particularly resistant to labeling and stigmatization. 4, 541-553.Scimecca, J. Labeling theory, which proposes that ongoing deviance develops as a result of an interaction between an individual and society's negative label of that individual, has advanced significantly in complexity in the last two decades (Bernburg, 2009; Paternoster & Iovanni, 1989; Sampson & Laub, 1997). Because the person now thinks of him/herself as a criminal, he/she is now likely to continue in his/her criminal behavior (Becker, 1963). In such cases rehabilitative therapy and out-of-court settlements would be preferable. In a small study of child behavior after punishment, it was found that if the audience held the offender in a positive regard, the offender was likely to rise to these expectations and act in a manner befitting a "good boy" (Wellford, 1975). The third variable is currently open to debate. In 1966 Erikson expanded labeling theory to include the functions of deviance, illustrating how societal reactions to deviance stigmatize the offender and separate him or her from the rest of society. The reader should be cognizant that informal labeling – … The way an individual has been described and categorized by the public can greatly affect the behavior of the said individual. ABSTRACT . This is a review of contemporary theory and studies published in various scholarly journals regarding the labeling effect of criminal justice system involvement at a young age on offenders. But, thanks to theoretical clarity and increased availability of longitudinal data, the past few decades have witnessed an accumulation of rigorous research on the criminogenic effects of labeling. This leads to feelings of demoralisation and rejection. Since then criminologists have been, at the very least, skeptical. Don't be confused, we're about to change the rest of it. Social Problems, Vol. Beckers work pays particular attention to the way society reacts to people with "criminal" labels. Posted Jun 13, 2014 (345). A. An act which has been labeled as deviant or criminal is committed by a member of society. It shows that: by labeling an individual for example as insane, that could mark the beginning of the process of him being insane. Meaning that acts are only "criminal" when society has deemed them as such. But if this is true then why are certain acts illegal within the majority of the civilized world? The status people use to identify and classify a person will always be that of a criminal. Although the individuals may be determined to do things right, it may be difficult to abide by that (Becker, 1963). Secondary deviance has only occurred when both society and the individual share the view that the offender is a criminal. Those people with such qualities did not see themselves as deviant despite what anyone else may have thought (Broadhead, 1974). According to this theory, the stigmatizing or negative labels given to these individuals have a significant effect on them such that some of the individuals may proceed to being deviant (Becker, 1964). This theory explores the journey to social deviance in two stages; primary deviance and secondary deviance, which are both incorporated into Labeling Theory as well. Even if the drugs do not affects his professional life, when individuals whom they work with come to know that they use drugs, they may start avoiding and associating them with all other crimes that are done by drug addicts. Get a verified writer to help you with Labeling theory and its effects to the society. While many have speculated about the impact of labels in the job market, research still needs to firmly establish the existence of independent labeling effects (Pasternoster and Jovanni The implications of this being that criminal law is dynamic and ever-changing, differing from society to society. In fact, they can be very harmful. For the sake of argument, if self labeling is possible and a person has obtained a self-initialized criminal master status/label, how do they react to it? Because of the perception that the society has on these individuals, they may begin to change their behavior to that which the society has labeled them to have either consciously or unconsciously. 20, No. An example of this would be an exotic dancer, who while labeled as deviant, does not consider herself so by claiming it is a legal profession that she must perform in order to maintain an income. To date no study has been attempted to more accurately state the nature of these factors and how they would affect the criminals reaction to primary deviance. Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. Parsimony simply asks how complex the theory is. This will remain a state of primary deviance as long as the offender is capable of rationalizing or dealing with this label by saying it is the result of a socially acceptable role (Lemert, 1951). 4, 652-659.Wellford, C. (1975). If this is true than people will withhold judgment and stigmatization will not occur, effectively refuting social reactions theory. LABELING THEORY Sociologyindex, Sociology Books 2008 Labeling theory arose from the study of deviance in the late 1950's and early 1960's and was a rejection of consensus theory or structural functionalism. 2. The society may create some social rules and apply them to some given individuals without proper consideration. To better understand Labeling Theory, familiarization with Lemerts Societal Reaction Theory is beneficial. Supporting labeling theory’s central proposition, formal labeling was linked to more negative affect and disability days in both groups. The students may feel that since they are labeled they just cannot do well or that they are stupid. Unfortunately it was not specified exactly how each of these factors altered the effect labeling theory had on the study subjects. Once labelled as deviant, the individual faces all sorts of social reactions ranging from ostracism and ridicule to pity or anger. According to Becker (1963), the process of labeling cannot be assumed to be purely right because if so, it could have not considered the general rule of deviance which is: it is the society that creates it. This is secondary deviance. 3, 332-345. "This becomes a means of defense, attack, or adaptation to the problems caused by societal reaction to primary deviation (Lemert, 1951)". Its probable that the murderers socialization and/or value system could initialize self-labeling, but the theory clearly states the labeling must come from a 3rd party (Hagan, 1973). An example is an individual who is perceived to be a drug addict. As one might expect, this aspect of Labeling Theory is still being debated. conforming. When a person hears something about themselves often enough, they eventually start to believe it and act accordingly. This is because there may be false accusations. Through either a personal audience such as family or friends, or a formal one such as a court of law the person undergoes a degradation ceremony which labels the person deviant. He proposes that this label becomes a persons master status, meaning that this is a constant label, affecting and over-riding how others will view them. The vast majority of the studies had findings do a fine job of disproving social reactions theory. The Pacific Sociological Review, Vol. Perceptions of Stigma following Public Intervention for Delinquent Behavior. All these are considered crimes in any society or country one could care to name. Henceforth they will act in a fashion deemed "normal" (Foster & Dinitz & Reckless, 1972). 22, No. In itself this theory is not very useful in dictating policy for the criminal justice system, but there is the possibility for use in rehabilitation of criminal offenders. A person could be a parent, employee, spouse, etc., but the first and major status that will come to mind to other people and themselves is that of the criminal (Becker, 1963). New York: MacGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. Marshall, H. & Purdy, R. (1972). Though these children did experience feelings of stigmatization from members of law enforcement, having undergone the degradation ceremony in a court of law, they reported these feelings were negligible compared to those whose family members no longer viewed them in the same light. Social Problems, Vol. (I think this is a restatement of the definitions from earlier in the paper. Thus if a student is labelled a success, they will succeed, if they are labelled a failure, the will fail. The implications of the study results suggest that two things can be done in order to help prevent labeling theory from having negative effects on people whove broken the law. Retrieved from http://studymoose.com/labeling-theory-and-its-effects-to-the-society-essay, Copying content is not allowed on this website, Ask a professional writer to help you with your text, Give us your email and we'll send you the essay you need, Please indicate where to send you the sample. Social Problems, Vol. Labeling theory holds that society, by placing labels on juvenile delinquents, stigmatizes them, leading to a negative label for a youth to develop into a negative self-image. Once labelled, it is very difficult to lose that tag, despite the fact that children are often mislabelled. (1977). Labeling theory provides a distinctively sociological approach that focuses on the role of social labeling in the development of crime and deviance. Often this takes place during court sentencing, but can come about in more subtle fashions as well. There is one exception to this belief, however most labeling theorists claim that the system is biased toward the lower class, which constitutes the overwhelming majority of arrests and convictions within the American criminal justice system (Wellford, 1975). 20, No. The modified labelling theory concludes that effects of cultural ideas such as incompetency can lead to negative effects when the label is applied, which in turn leads to the ‘mental patient’ feeling devalued and discriminated against. Helpful for Us Thank you a lot & Reckless, W. C. ( 1972 ) ( &! Poor conduct labeling theory of juvenile delinquency deals with the sociology of crime and deviance: a Case study ``! With our cookie policy make your writing easier are also offered here statuses a person commits a,! Theoretical Critique of the studies had findings do a fine job of disproving social reactions theory first, the. 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