Bauer, Sara d) Plagiarism is such an awful crime that those found guilty should be obliged to wear a scarlet "P" on their clothing. A number of filters exist to focus a search, including language, date and study design or study focus filters. It is also useful to understand why relevant articles may be missing from an initial search, as it produces a comparison grid of MeSH terms used to index each article (see Box 1 for a tutorial video link). In all cases, a clear rationale should be outlined in the review protocol for the sources chosen (the expertise of an information scientist is valuable in this process). These search results may be too heterogeneous to evaluate in one review. Performing an effective literature search to obtain the best available evidence is the basis of any evidence-based discipline, in particular evidence-based medicine. The first step in conducting a literature search should be to develop a search strategy. 2020. Farhadi, Zeynab MEDLINE contains more than 22 million references from more than 5600 journals worldwide. MCQ in evidence-based practice Samir Haffar M.D. There are a number of databases that can be searched for literature, but the identification of relevant sources is dependent on the clinical or research question (different databases have different focuses, from more biology to more social science oriented) and the type of evidence that is sought (i.e. MEDLINE). This is called citation searching or backward searching, and it can be used to see where particular research topics led others. Although conference abstracts are not indexed in most major electronic databases, they are available in databases such as BIOSIS Previews (Box 1). However, it is possible that in the database some RCTs are not labelled as such, so they will not be picked up by the filtered search. & Drahota, A. The literature review is a section in dissertation or research paper where you need to summarise existing research information of different scholars. • NOT – this operator, used less often, can focus a search strategy so that it does not retrieve specific literature, for example human studies NOT animal studies. 5. Systematic reviews have all of the following in common EXCEPT: All of the following are TRUE statements about the limitations of Empiricism EXCEPT: All of the following are TRUE about science as a way of knowing EXCEPT: In science, knowledge is stated in such a way as to, Which of the following are characteristic of. Which two of the following are legitimate frameworks for setting out a literature review: 1. and One such is the PICO (population, intervention, comparator and outcome) framework, developed to answer clinical questions such as the effectiveness of a clinical intervention (Richardson Reference Richardson, Wilson and Nishikawa1995). Direct communication with authors of published papers could produce both additional data omitted from published studies and other unpublished studies. It is important to search unpublished literature to reduce publication bias, which occurs because of a tendency for authors and journals to preferentially publish statistically significant studies (Dickersin Reference Dickersin and Min1993). Literature reviews can be narrative or systematic, with narrative reviews aiming to provide a descriptive overview of selected literature, without undertaking a systematic literature search. Google Scholar searches the full text of an article for keywords and also searches a wider range of sources, such as conference proceedings and books, that are not found in traditional databases, making it a good resource to search for grey literature (Haddaway Reference Haddaway, Collins and Coughlin2015). As mentioned above, parentheses can be used to build up search terms. If you have answered yes to any of the questions above, it may be that you are doing a systematic literature review rather than a systematic review. However, other pharmaceutical companies, such as Wyeth and Roche, divert users to clinical trial results in external registries. No eLetters have been published for this article. How to carry out a literature search for a systematic... Reference Turner, Matthews and Linardatos, Reference Whittington, Kendall and Fonagy, Reference Richardson, Wilson and Nishikawa, Reference Dickersin, Manheimer and Wieland, Reference Cipriani, Saunders and Attenburrow, Reference Suarez-Almazor, Belseck and Homik, Reference Alberani, De Castro Pietrangeli and Mazza, Reference Scherer, Langenberg and von Elm, The use of grey literature in health sciences: a preliminary survey, Bulletin of the Medical Library Association, Quality and impact of secondary information in promoting evidence-based clinical practice: a cross-sectional study about EBMH, Clear and present questions: formulating questions for evidence based practice, Comparing the coverage, recall, and precision of searches for 120 systematic reviews in Embase, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar: a prospective study, Ketamine and other glutamate receptor modulators for depression in adults, A systematic review of calcium channel antagonists in bipolar disorder and some considerations for their future development, Comparative efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants for major depressive disorder in children and adolescents: a network meta-analysis, Formulating the evidence based practice question: a review of the frameworks, Evidence Based Library and Information Practice, Publication bias: the problem that won't go away, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Development of the Cochrane Collaboration's CENTRAL Register of controlled clinical trials, Hydroxyzine for generalised anxiety disorder, The role of Google scholar in evidence reviews and its applicability to grey literature searching, Handsearching versus electronic searching to identify reports of randomized trials, Demystifying the search button: a comprehensive PubMed search strategy for performing an exhaustive literature review, Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement, A review of ketamine in affective disorders: Current evidence of clinical efficacy, limitations of use and preclinical evidence on proposed mechanisms of action, The well-built clinical question: a key to evidence-based decisions, Full publication of results initially presented in abstracts, Dissemination and publication of research findings: an updated review of related biases, Identifying clinical trials in the medical literature with electronic databases: MEDLINE alone is not enough, Selective publication of antidepressant trials and its influence on apparent efficacy, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in childhood depression: systematic review of published versus unpublished data, How CLIP became ECLIPSE: a mnemonic to assist in searching for health policy/management information. The search strategy should define how relevant literature will be identified. Figure 2 shows an example search strategy incorporating many of the concepts described above. Although some of the evidence on this register is also included in Embase and MEDLINE, there are over 150 000 reports indexed from other sources, such as conference proceedings and trial registers, that would otherwise be less accessible (Dickersin Reference Dickersin, Manheimer and Wieland2002). The search strategy should be documented as an integral part of the systematic review protocol. Systematic reviews are different from traditional literature reviews because they aim to identify all studies (published and unpublished) that address a specific question and their methodology has been developed to minimize the effect of selection, publication and data extraction bias. UK English and American English: behaviour or behavior; paediatric or pediatric). Systematic reviews are a type of evidence synthesis which formulate research questions that are broad or narrow in scope, and identify and synthesize data that directly relate to the systematic review question. In addition, if good systematic reviews exist that are likely to capture all relevant literature (as advised by an information specialist), date restrictions can be used to search additional literature published after the date of that included in the systematic review. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. In addition, the MEDLINE In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations database holds references before they are published on MEDLINE. • MEDLINE and Embase are the two main biomedical literature databases. Box 1 also provides a website link to a couple of video tutorials for searching electronic databases. Developing a literature search strategy is a key part of the systematic review process, and the conclusions reached in a systematic review will depend on the quality of the evidence retrieved by the literature search. Prozac or fluoxetine). Literature review template The following is a simple pattern to follow for writing up your systematic literature review. Searching each trial register requires a slightly different search strategy, but many of the basic principles described above still apply. In the absence of a MeSH heading for a particular term, free-text terms could be used. The standard of scientific rigor consists of all of the following EXCEPT: In addition to science (theory and research) all of the following factors influence decision-making in macro practice. Individual database records may be assigned several different standardised search terms that describe the same or similar concepts (e.g. Feature Flags last update: Fri Dec 18 2020 20:01:32 GMT+0000 (Coordinated Universal Time) Sources should therefore be selected to minimise the possibility of bias, and supplementary search techniques should be used in addition to electronic database searching to ensure that an extensive review of the literature has been carried out. Once the search strategy has identified relevant literature, the reference lists in these sources can be searched. When planning to do social research, it is better to: a) Approach the topic with an open mind b) Do a pilot study before getting stuck into it c) Be familiar with the literature on the topic d) Forget about theory because this is a very practical undertaking can't have one without the other Answer: C 2. Free-text terms can be used in addition to standardised search terms in order to identify as many relevant records as possible (Higgins Reference Higgins and Green2011). A paradigmatic example demonstrating the importance of capturing unpublished data is that of Turner et al (Reference Turner, Matthews and Linardatos2008), who showed that using only published data in their meta-analysis led to effect sizes for antidepressants that were one-third (32%) larger than effect sizes derived from combining both published and unpublished data. In addition, unpublished data and ‘grey’ literature (informally published material such as conference abstracts) are now becoming more accessible to the public. The following table provides a detailed explanation as well as the differences between systematic and literature reviews. We thank Sarah Stockton for her help in drafting this article. A systematic literature review is: a) one which generates a literature review using a treasure hunt system. 2). The author(s) of a systematic review must document the criteria used to include or exclude studies from the review. • The Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED) is a database specifically for alternative treatments in medicine. It is worth mentioning here that some databases can run the search also across the full texts. "hasAccess": "1", When faced with any question, being able to conduct a robust systematic review of the literature is an important skill for any researcher to develop; allowing identification of the current literature, its limitations, quality and potential. and BOX 1 Website links of search sources to obtain published and unpublished literature, • MEDLINE/PubMed: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, • Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL): www.cochranelibrary.com, • Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL): www.cinahl.com, • British Nursing Index: www.bniplus.co.uk, • Allied and Complementary Medicine Database: https://www.ebsco.com/products/research-databases/amed-the-allied-and-complementary-medicine-database, • BIOSIS Previews (part of Thomson Reuters Web of Science): https://apps.webofknowledge.com, • ClinicalTrials.gov: www.clinicaltrials.gov, • Drugs@FDA: www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf, • European Medicines Agency (EMA): www.ema.europa.eu, • World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP): www.who.int/ictrp, • GlaxoSmithKline Study Register: www.gsk-clinicalstudyregister.com, • Eli-Lilly clinical trial results: https://www.lilly.com/clinical-study-report-csr-synopses, • King's College London Library Services: http://libguides.kcl.ac.uk/ld.php?content_id=17678464, • Georgetown University Medical Center Dahlgren Memorial Library: https://dml.georgetown.edu/core, • University of Minnesota Biomedical Library: https://hsl.lib.umn.edu/biomed/help/nursing, • Searches in electronic databases: http://library.buffalo.edu/hsl/services/instruction/tutorials.html, • Using the Yale MeSH Analyzer tool: http://library.medicine.yale.edu/tutorials/1559, BOX 2 Example of search sources chosen for a review of calcium channel antagonists in bipolar disorder (Cipriani Reference Cipriani, Saunders and Attenburrow2016a), • MEDLINE In-Process and Other Non-Indexed Citations. It should be relevant to the topic and written from secondary sources. 4 Literature about available treatments for bipolar disorder would be retrieved using the search terms: 5 Supplementing electronic database searches with unpublished literature searches is likely to reduce the possibility that a systematic review will have: Full text views reflects PDF downloads, PDFs sent to Google Drive, Dropbox and Kindle and HTML full text views. Before conducting a comprehensive literature search, a scoping search of the literature using just one or two databases (such as PubMed or MEDLINE) can provide valuable information as to how much literature for a given review question already exists. • wild cards substitute one letter within a word to retrieve alternative spellings: for example, ‘wom?n’ would retrieve the terms ‘woman’ and ‘women’. ClinicalTrials.gov (clinicaltrials.gov) provides access to information on public and privately conducted clinical trials in humans. However, with a vast and growing volume of published research available, searching the literature can be challenging. These standardised search terms are called MeSH (medical subject headings) in MEDLINE and PubMed, and Emtree in Embase, and are organised in a hierarchal structure (Fig. Beyond looking at the research findings obtained in academia, an assessment of the policies and practices implemented by the authorities and industry was undertaken. Copyright © The Royal College of Psychiatrists 2018, Hostname: page-component-546c57c664-mhvhn In this guide for clinicians and researchers on how to perform a literature search we use a working example about efficacy of an intervention for bipolar disorder to demonstrate the search techniques outlined. Maraolo, Alberto Enrico However, variable retrieval of content (due to regular updating of Google algorithms and the individual's search history and location) means that search results are not necessarily reproducible and are therefore not in keeping with replicable search methods required by systematic reviews. A systematic literature review is: for this article. Garousi, Vahid The purpose of this systematic review is … However, if at least one term from each set of concepts is not identified from the title or abstract of an article, this article will not be identified by the search strategy. True. Methods should not only be explicit but systematic with the aim of producing varied and reliable results. • AND – this can be used to join sets of concepts together, narrowing the retrieved literature to articles that contain all concepts, for example the population or condition of interest and the intervention to be evaluated: (bipolar disorder OR bipolar depression) AND calcium channel blockers. The distinction between a systematic literature review and a literature review can often be confusing. A number of frameworks can be used to break the review question into concepts. Important methodological considerations (such as study design) may also be included in the search strategy. Sánchez Viveros, Bárbara Query parameters: { A systematic literature review of green construction project financing was conducted. Publication terms are less about the content of an article than about its type, specifying for example a review article, meta-analysis or RCT. Andrea Cipriani is supported by the NIHR Oxford cognitive health Clinical Research Facility. B. Free-text terms are used in natural language and are not part of a database’s controlled vocabulary. However, a balance between the sensitivity of a search (an attempt to retrieve all relevant literature in an extensive search) and the specificity of a search (an attempt to retrieve a more manageable number of relevant citations) is optimal. "metricsAbstractViews": false, The review question will guide not only the search strategy, but also the conclusions that can be drawn from the review, as these will depend on which studies or other forms of evidence are included and excluded from the literature review. Tosone, Grazia A systematic literature review (SLR) identifies, selects and critically appraises research in order to answer a clearly formulated question (Dewey, A. A systematic review (also systematic literature review or structured literature review, SLR) is a literature review focused on a research question that tries to identify, appraise, select and synthesize all high quality research evidence relevant to that question. https://www.ebsco.com/products/research-databases/amed-the-allied-and-complementary-medicine-database, https://www.lilly.com/clinical-study-report-csr-synopses, http://libguides.kcl.ac.uk/ld.php?content_id=17678464, https://hsl.lib.umn.edu/biomed/help/nursing, http://library.buffalo.edu/hsl/services/instruction/tutorials.html, http://library.medicine.yale.edu/tutorials/1559. A narrow question will produce a narrow and precise search, perhaps resulting in too few studies on which to base a review, or be so focused that the results are not useful in wider clinical settings. "isLogged": "0", The Yale MeSH Analyzer tool (mesh.med.yale.edu) can be used to help identify potential terms and phrases to include in a search. Even when journals are indexed in electronic databases, it can be difficult to identify all relevant studies without an effective search strategy (Hopewell Reference Hopewell, Clarke and Lefebvre2007). It’s common to confuse systematic and literature reviews because both are used to provide a summary of the existent literature or research on a specific topic. a. please note, this is a very loose outline, be sure to speak with your supervisor to ensure that their requirements are met and that specific elements of your literature review/research are covered. Embase has a strong coverage of drug and pharmaceutical research and provides over 30 million references from more than 8500 currently published journals, 2900 of which are not in MEDLINE. They provide reliable estimates about the effects of interventions. A scoping search may reveal whether systematic reviews have already been undertaken for a review question. Language filters can restrict retrieval of articles to the English language, although if language is not an inclusion criterion it should not be restricted, to avoid language bias. Multiple choice questions: A literature review on the optimal number of options This method is particularly useful if the search identifies systematic reviews or meta-analyses of a similar topic. The strategy follows the PICO framework and includes MeSH terms, free-text keywords and a number of other techniques, such as truncation, that have been outlined in this article. }. This article is intended for clinicians and researchers who are approaching the field of evidence synthesis and would like to perform a literature search. 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